ref: 44ce0097b612a1fefd754065bdf8d9d2e5ef60c8
dir: /man/1/mash/
.TH MASH 1
.SH NAME
mash \- programmable shell
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B mash
[
.B -denx
][
.BI -c command
] [
.I file
[
.I arg ...
]]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Mash
is an older alternative to the original Inferno shell
(now
.IR tiny (1)).
.I Mash
is a programmable shell that also allows the definition of simple dependency
rules, resembling those of Unix
.IR make .
It executes commands read from standard input
or a file or, with the
.B -c
flag, from
.IR mash 's
argument list. Its syntax and
semantics are similar to that of Plan 9's
.IR rc .
.SS Invocation
If
.I mash
is started with no arguments it reads commands from standard
input. Otherwise its first non-flag argument is the name of a file from
which to read commands (but see
.B -c
below). Subsequent arguments
become the initial value of
.BR $args .
Mash accepts the following
command-line flags.
.PD 0
.TF "-c string"
.TP
.BI -c " string"
Commands are read from string.
.TP
.B -d
Dump parsed commands before execution.
.TP
.B -e
Fail if a top level command does.
.TP
.B -n
Parse but do not execute.
.TP
.B -x
Print each simple command before executing it.
.PD
.PP
If invoked without arguments
.I mash
first runs the commands found in
.BR /lib/mashinit .
.SS "Command Lines"
Each command is terminated with an ampersand or a semicolon (& or ;).
When reading from
.B /dev/cons
a newline
not escaped with a backslash (\\) is treated as a semicolon.
.I Mash
does not
wait for a command followed by
.B &
to finish executing before starting the
following command.
.PP
A number-sign (#) and any following characters up to (but not including) the next newline are
ignored, except in quotation marks.
.SS "Simple Commands"
A simple command is a sequence of words interspersed with I/O
redirections. If the first word is the name of a
.I mash
function or of one of
.IR mash 's
built-in commands, it is executed by
.IR mash .
Otherwise, if the name
starts with a slash
.RB ( / ),
it must be the path name of a Dis
file to be loaded
and executed. Names containing no initial slash are searched for in the
current directory and then in
.BR /dis .
The
.B .dis
extension need not be
supplied.
.PP
The keywords are
.EX
case else fn for hd if in len rescue tl while
.EE
.SS Words and Variables
A number of constructions may be used where
.IR mash 's
syntax requires a
word to appear. In many cases a construction's value will be a list of
strings rather than a single string.
.PP
The simplest kind of word is the unquoted word: a sequence of one or
more characters none of which is a blank, tab, newline, or any of the
following:
.EX
# : ; ! ~ @ & | ^ $ = " ` ' { } ( ) < >
.EE
An unquoted word that contains any of the characters
.BR * ,\ ?
or
.B [
is a pattern
for matching against file names. The character
.B *
matches any sequence of
characters,
.B ?
matches any single character, and
.B [
.I class
.B ]
matches any
character in the class. The class may also contain pairs of characters
separated by
.BR \- ,
standing for all characters lexically between the two. The
character
.B /
must appear explicitly in a pattern. A pattern is replaced by a
list of words, one for each path name matched, except that a pattern
matching no names is not replaced by the empty list, but rather stands for
itself. Pattern matching is done after all other operations. Thus,
.EX
x=/tmp; echo $x^/*.c;
.EE
matches
.BR /tmp/*.c ,
rather than matching
.B /*.c
and then prefixing
.BR /tmp .
.PP
A quoted word is a sequence of characters surrounded by single quotes
.RB ( ' ).
A single quote is escaped with a backslash.
.PP
Each of the following is a word.
.PD 0
.HP
.BI $ identifier
.br
The identifier after the
.B $
is the name of a variable whose value is
substituted. Variable values are lists of strings. It is an error if the
named variable has never been assigned a value.
.HP
.BI $ number
.br
See the description of rules for the
.IR mash-make (1)
builtin.
.HP
.B $"\c
.I identifier
.br
The value is a single string containing the components of the named
variable separated by spaces.
.HP
.BI `{ commands }
.br
.I mash
executes the commands and reads the standard output, splitting
it into a list of words, using the whitespace characters (space, tab,
newline and carriage return) as separators.
.HP
.B
"{\c
.IB commands }
.br
.I mash
executes the commands and reads the standard output, splitting
it into a list of words, using the whitespace characters (space, tab,
newline and carriage return) as separators.
.HP
.BI <{ commands }
.HP
.BI >{ commands }
.br
The commands are executed asynchronously with their standard
output or standard input connected to a pipe. The value of the word
is the name of a file referring to the other end of the pipe. This
allows the construction of non-linear pipelines. For example, the
following runs two commands
.B old
and
.B new
and uses
.B cmp
to compare their outputs
.EX
cmp <{old} <{new};
.EE
.TP
.BI ( expr )
.I mash
evaluates
.I expr
as an expression. The value is a (possibly null) list of words.
Expressions are described in detail below.
.HP
.IB word ^ word
.br
The
.B ^
operator concatenates its two operands. If either operand is a
singleton, the concatenation is distributive. Otherwise the lists are
concatenated pairwise.
.PD
.SS Free Carets
In most circumstances,
.I mash
will insert the
.B ^
operator automatically
between words that are not separated by white space. Whenever one of
.B $
.BR ' or
.B `
(dollar, single quote or back quote)
follows a quoted or unquoted word or an unquoted word follows a
quoted word with no intervening blanks or tabs, a
.B ^
is inserted between
the two. If an unquoted word immediately follows a
.B $
and contains a
character other than an alphanumeric, or underscore, a
.B ^
is inserted before
the first such character. Thus
.IP
.B limbo -$flags $stem.b
.LP
is equivalent to
.IP
.B limbo -^$flags $stem^.b
.SS I/O Redirections
The sequence
.BI > file
redirects the standard output file (file descriptor 1,
normally
.BR /dev/cons )
to the named
.IR file ;
.BI >> file
appends standard
output to the file. The standard input file (file descriptor 0, also normally
.BR /dev/cons )
may be redirected from a file by the sequence
.BR <file .
The
sequence
.B <>file
opens the file for read/write and associates both file
descriptor 0 and 1 with it.
.SH Compound Commands
A pair of commands separated by a pipe operator
.RB ( | )
is a command. The
standard output of the left command is sent through a pipe to the
standard input of the right command.
.PP
Each of the following is a command.
.PD 0
.HP
.B if (
.I expr
.B )
.I command1
.HP
.B if (
.I expr
.B )
.I command1
.B else
.I command2
.br
The
.I expr
is evaluated and if the result is not null, then
.I command1
is executed. In the second form
.I command2
is executed if
the result is null.
.HP
.B for (
.I name
.B in
.I list
.BI ) command
.br
The
.I command
is executed once for each word in
.I list
with that
word assigned to
.IR name .
.HP
.B while (
.I expr
.B )
.I command
.br
The
.I expr
is evaluated repeatedly until its value is null. Each time it
evaluates to non-null, the command is executed.
.HP
.B case
.I expr
.B {
.I pattern-list
.B =>
.I command ...
.B }
.br
.HP
.B case
.I expr-list
.B {
.I pattern
.B =>
.I command ...
.B }
.br
In the first form of the command the
.I expr
is matched against a series of lists of regular expressions (See
.IR regex (2)).
The command associated with the matching expression is executed.
In the second form the
.I command
associated with the first pattern to match one of the words in
.I expr-list
is executed. An
.I expr-list
will never match a
.IR pattern-list .
.HP
.BI { commands }
.HP
.BI @{ commands }
.br
Braces serve to alter the grouping of commands implied by operator
priorities. The body is a sequence of commands separated by
.B &
or
.BR ; .
The second form is executed with a new scope. Either form can be
followed by redirections.
.HP
.BI fn name { list }
.HP
.BI fn name
.br
The first form defines a function with the given
.IR name .
Subsequently,
whenever a command whose first word is
.I name
is encountered, the
current value of the remainder of the command's word list will be
assigned to the local variable
.BR args ,
in a new scope, and
.I mash
will execute the list. The second form removes
.IR name 's
function definition.
.HP
.IB name = list
.HP
.IB name := list
.br
The first form is an assignment to a variable. If the name is currently
defined as a local variable its value will be updated. Otherwise a
global variable with the given name will be defined or updated. The
second form is an explicit definition or update of a local variable.
.HP
.IB list : list
.HP
.IB list : list { commands }
.HP
.IB word :~ word { commands }
.br
These forms define dependencies and rules for the
.I make
loadable
builtin. The first form defines a simple dependency, the second a
dependency with an explicit rule. The third form defines an implicit
rule where the left-hand word is a file pattern, the right-hand word is
the prerequisite. The right-hand word and the commands can
contain references to the characters matched by the
.B *
meta-character
in the pattern
.RB ( $1
evaluates to the characters matched by the first
.BR * ,
.B $2
the second and so on;
.B $0
is the entire match).
.PD
.SS Expressions
Expressions evaluate to possibly null lists of strings. A word is an
expression. An expression may take one of the following forms
.PD 0
.HP
.BI ( " expr " )
.br
Parentheses are used for grouping.
.HP
.BI hd " expr"
.HP
.BI tl " expr"
.HP
.BI len " expr"
.HP
.BI ! " expr"
.br
.I hd
is the first element of a list,
.I tl
the remainder.
.I len
is the length of
a list. Both evaluate to the null list if their operand is a null list.
.B !
is the not operator and evaluates to true for a null list or to a null list
otherwise.
.HP
.IB expr " ^ " expr
.HP
.IB expr " :: " expr
.HP
.IB expr " == " expr
.HP
.IB expr " != " expr
.HP
.IB expr " ~ " expr
.br
.B ^
is concatenation (as defined above),
.B ::
is list concatenation,
.B ==
and
.B !=
are the equality operators evaluating to true or the null list,
depending on the equality or inequality of the two operands.
.B ~
is the match operator, true if a singleton string matches one of a list of
regular expressions, or one of a list of strings matches a regular
expression. (If neither operand is a singleton it evaluates to the null
list.)
.B ^
has the highest precedence, followed by
.B ::
followed by the
other three. All associate to the left except
.BR :: .
.SS Built-in Commands
.I Mash
supports loadable modules of builtins. The
.I Mashbuiltin
module definition and description is in
.BR mash.m .
One such module,
.IR builtins ,
is loaded before
.I mash
begins parsing. This module defines the following commands
.PD 0
.HP
.B env
.br
Print global and local variables. Global variables are displayed using a
.IB name = value
format, and local variables using a
.IB name := value
format.
.HP
.B eval
.br
Concatenate arguments and use as mash input.
.HP
.B exit
.br
Cause
.I mash
to raise an
.B "exit"
exception.
.HP
.B load
.I file
.br
Load a builtin module. The
.I file
must be a module with type
.BR Mashbuiltin .
The argument
.I file
is assumed to contain a path to the loadable module. If no such module
is found then the string
.B /dis/lib/mash/
is prepended to
.I file
and the load is retried.
.HP
.B prompt
.HP
.BI prompt text
.HP
.BI prompt "text contin"
.br
When called with no arguments causes the current value of the
.I mash
prompt to be printed to standard output. The default value is
.BR mash% .
The second form sets a new prompt. The final form sets a new prompt
and additionally a continuation string. Initially the continuation
string is set to a single tab character.
.I Mash
uses the continuation string in place of the prompt string to indicate that
the preceding line has been continued by escaping with a final backslash
.RB ( \e )
character.
.HP
.BI quote args...
.br
Print arguments quoted as input for
.IR mash .
.HP
.BI "run -" [ denx "] file [arg...]"
.br
Interpret a file as input to
.IR mash .
.HP
.BI time "cmd [arg...]"
.br
Time the execution of a command. The total execution time is reported
in seconds and on standard error when the command completes.
.HP
.BI whatis name
.br
Print variable, function or builtin. The object given by
.I name
is described on standard output in a format that reflects its type.
.PP
The
.I make
loadable builtin provides `make` functionality.
The
.I tk
loadable builtin provides control over some of the visual elements of a
.I mash
window.
.SS Adding Builtins
New builtins can be added to
.I mash
by creating a
.I Dis
module that can be loaded with a
.B Mashbuiltin
module interface (defined in mash.m).
The new module is loaded with the builtin
.B load
command which calls its
.B mashinit
function to initialise it with an argument containing the
.B load
command line. The function should use this call to register the set of builtins
that the module will provide using the
.B Env.defbuiltin
function. Thereafter, each time one of the registered builtins is invoked
the module's
.B mashcmd
function is called passing as an argument a list containing the invoked
builtin name and its arguments. See the examples in
.BR mash/builtins.b ,
.BR mash/make.b ", and"
.BR mash/tk.b .
.SH FILES
.B /lib/mashinit
.br
.B /dis/lib/mash
.SH SOURCE
.B /appl/cmd/mash
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR mash-tk (1),
.IR mash-make (1),
.IR regex (2)
.PP
Tom Duff,
``Rc \- The Plan 9 Shell'', in the
.I "Plan 9 Programmer's Manual", Second Edition,
Volume 2.